Debunking the Goal Setting Theory - 3802 Words

Debunking the Goal Setting Theory Presented to Trudy Dunson, Instructor MGMT 2125, Performance Management By Andrea Smith 10/13/2014 Often times in the business world, organizations become so fixated on the goals they set, that when they begin to go wrong, an organization will invest more into that goal instead of looking for a different path. Oliver Burkeman’s book, â€Å"The Antidote: Happiness for People Who Can’t Stand Positive Thinking† devotes a whole chapter to the importance or lack thereof of setting goals. In his book, he tells a story of Chris Kayes who was on the foothills of Mt. Everest at the same time the tragedy that took the lives of eight climbers depicted in the book, â€Å"In Thin Air.† Kayes observed even through this†¦show more content†¦However on the flip side these same traits used to create a positive environment can also be used to against the organization. We start with the letter â€Å"S† for specific as this commands that the goal to be focused and attentive. Unfortunately though, this can actually cause a too narrowed focus where employees will overlook important details of the task. With a narrowed focus, employees become blind to everything else but their task and the often times miss a critical detail that could potentially steer them into a new direction and a more profitable gain or prevent a fatal error from occurring. An example in this can be seen in the automotive industry of late and the entire vehicle recalls that have been made due to faulty engine or ignition parts that have caused human fatalities. The automotive industry giants have a specific goal to create a top of the line vehicle fast and get it out to the market that they continuously pass over safety issues and inspections in order to accomplish this single goal. In keeping with the classic notion that you get what you reward (Kerr, 1975, 1995), goal setting may cause the employee to miss important aspects of their task or performance that are not specifically outlined by the goal setting system. Next we move on to the â€Å"M† for measurable and the hazards that can arise from putting a measurable capacity on goals. Being able to measure progress is said to keep the employees on track and provideShow MoreRelatedComparison Of RawlsTheory Of Justice1724 Words   |  7 Pages Rawls’ Theory of Justice and Neoclassical theory are similar, but not fundamentally compatible. While Rawls does spend a lot of time focusing on specialization and private ownership, both of which Adam Smith and the neoclassical school strongly endorse. However, there are certain contradictions between the Rawls’ Theory of Justice and neoclassical thought that Bradford brings up in his paper â€Å"The Economics of Rawlsian Justice: Can it be Neoclassical?†. These contradictions are mainly the disparitiesRead MoreThe Rights Of The State1727 Words   |  7 Pagesto promote the rule of law have addressed a variety of state and social institutions. To illustrate concretely the way law reform programs differ depending upon the ends they serve, In discussing each of the goals cited above, it is just to highlight how actors seeking to advance such goals approach the reform of the judiciary. Analyzing the diverse rationales also helps refine and tamper the conception of â€Å"Appropriate giving of Directives movement† by pointing out the different interests and diverseRead MoreLiterature Review - Managerial Skills2326 Words   |  10 PagesMintzberg’s analysis of the relationship between a supervisor and subordinate as being mostly hierarchical. He also refers to Mintzberg’s theory of management as professional gibberish. 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Marketing Plan For The National Innovation Agency ( Nia )

SCIE310 i+Med Case Study 2014 Mark Fox 300258626 Image taken from http://imed.co.th/ - official website of i+MED Laboratories ltd. Introduction i+Med Laboratories was founded in Bangkok in 2001 by Komkrit Sajjaanantakul and Witune Arayapipatkul. They found that a couple of other companies in Thailand had invested in producing rapid immunochromatography assays, and decided the technology behind it was simple enough to build a successful company from it. i+Med purchased the licensing for the technology and began producing assay tests for pregnancy, infectious diseases and drug abuse. i+Med’s initial strategy was to target areas with less competition, but by 2007 had become so credible they could enter the market and actively take on any competition. Come 2009 their largest customer was a government agency which enabled i+Med to overwhelm Thailand’s rapid testing market. Partnering with the National Innovation Agency (NIA) i+Med was able to diversify its product line and become the sole patent owner for two innovative new products. CD4 SELECT is a cheap method to determine the total number of CD4 lymp hocytes. AlphaTHAL is the world’s first rapid test for Thalassemia, otherwise known as Sickle Cell disease. Komkrit knew that launching CD4 SELECT into developing countries with large HIV/AIDS populations would be hugely beneficial for i+Med as a company. What Has Made i+Med Laboratories so successful thus far? i+Med Laboratories has been so successful due to aShow MoreRelatedCase on the Disney Brand14200 Words   |  57 Pages...................................................................................................35 Marketing and Promotions: ...................................................................................................36 Future in China: .....................................................................................................................36 Disney: Future Expansion Plans: ........................................................................................... 37 Honk Kong:Read MoreHistory of the Philippine Agriculture9560 Words   |  39 Pagesof the country’s poor coming from the rural areas where agriculture is the dominant source of livelihood and employment, the importance of agriculture to the Philippine economy cannot be overemphasized. Thus, the Medium Term Philippine D evelopment Plans (MTPDPs) of successive administrations have consistently recognized the critical importance of energizing and modernizing the agricultural sector in the overall pursuit of a vigorous and broad-based economic growth and development. But as we discussRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesEngineering 13 Williams Machine Tool Company 15 Wynn Computer Equipment (WCE) 17 The Reluctant Workers 20 Hyten Corporation 22 Macon, Inc. 35 Continental Computer Corporation 37 Goshe Corporation 43 Acorn Industries 49 MIS Project Management at First National Bank Cordova Research Group 70 Cortez Plastics 71 L. P. Manning Corporation 72 Project Firecracker 74 56 CONTENTS Phillip Condit and Boeing 777: From Design and Development to Production and Sales 81 AMP of Canada (A) 105 AMP of CanadaRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesand accountants to develop a marketing department, and to actively participate in business development, I did not recognize how valuable the more could be. I began the project at a disadvantage; the owners had already spent three months and $20,000 with an advertising agency, but devel... oped no usable materiaL I wanted to inspire my teams confidence as I led them into the unknown world of marketing, so I took several strong, decisive actions. I fired the agency and hired a more contem... porary

Sociology Reflective Essay Free Essays

‘Social Stratification is the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige; applies to both nations and to people within a nation, society, or other group. ’ (Henslin, James,2011) There are basically four systems to socially stratify a family. Social class, as one of the systems will be investigated in the following paragraphs. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Reflective Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now (1) Identification of my family’s social class position and explanations of it: Social class is fundamentally determined by how much wealth you have. Income, education and gender are three major factors that I would consider to determine my family’s social class position. Concisely speaking, I came from a single-parent family which I only live with my mother. My mother is the only person who is officially employed in my family. Her occupation is a salesperson at a beauty centre with unstable income. One other important financial income of our family will be the alimony given from my father who no longer lives with us. Our household income per month is about $10,000. According to the 2006 Population By-census, the median monthly domestic household income (at current prices) was $ 17,250. Although there are only two people in my family, our monthly income is nearly 40% below the median figure in 2006. Individually, my mother does not receive stable income so her monthly income tends to be lower than the median monthly income of an employed individual of $ 10,000. In conclusion, my family’s income is comparably low; especially the data was collected in 2006 which inflation has already been excluded. Education is counted as an essential factor determining social class as it’s believed that well-educated people can always get well-pay jobs with comfortable working environments. As mentioned in the 2006 Population By-census report, people with higher educational attainment generally have higher income than less educated ones. Also, in the past few decades, only economically sufficient families could provide educations for their children. There are many middle-aged people nowadays do not have high-school qualifications. Thus, in the past few decades, the more educated a person was, the wealthier his/ her family would be. My mother did not finish high-school education while I have just started my university study. Finally, a very special factor—gender, is considered. ‘Gender is a basis for social stratification. (Henslin, James, 2011) All of us in a family are both females. Even though people in modern world advocate gender equality, women still suffer from gender inequality. Stated in the report of the 2006 Population By-census, the median monthly income from main employment of working men was higher than that of working women by some 30% during 1996–2006. Other than income, clothing, right to divorce and education are restricted in some Middle East countries (e. g. Iran). Hong Kong seems t o be a liberal city but there are still some deep-root traditions and thoughts that limit the social mobility of females. Due to gender inequality, my mother was not allowed to attend high school and she is forced to receive lower pay comparing to her male colleagues with same working titles. To conclude, I would say gender serves as a force that aid pushing down my family’s social status. After the considerations of all these factors, I would place my family as working class or sometimes lower class. In term of Marx’s theory, my family would be the proletariat (workers). In term of Weber’s theory which considers three components of social class, I would still place my family as working or lower class. 2) Prediction of my own social class when I am 40 years old and the possible difference between my current family social class position and the future: It is extremely hard to predict my own social position when I am 40 years old which will be approximately two decades later as our world is never predictable. Nonetheless, if everything reminds unchanged in our world, I will be a clini cal psychologist or at least graduate with bachelor degree. Ideally, I will be working for the government as a professional with ‘Iron Rice Bowl’. The salary I get will be higher than average. According to the report on salary scale of common posts in the non-governmental organizations, the monthly salary of a clinical psychologist was $ 30,615 in 2009 which was 2 times higher than the median monthly income in 2006. In 20 years time, my mother will be retired hopefully and I will be the only financial support at home. My occupation, wealth, education level and income will be the main indicators to identify my social position in our society. According to Marx, I remain a proletariat who lacks of class consciousness as I do not perceive an occupation as a clinical psychologist as an exploited worker. According to Wright, I may be on the level of managers or still workers. I guess I will not own any means of production or labor power but I hope I can still own control over investments or money capital (e. g. a flat unit). In short, from both Marx’s and Wright’s view, my social position will not differ a lot from my family’s current social class position. However, I doubt that their views are relatively simplistic and out-dated so I prefer Weber’s three components of social class (property, power and prestige). At the age of 40, as a professional, I may have a secretary which means I gain power on controlling my subordinates at work. Also, prestige sounds more achievable as a professional with more respects. From his perspective, I may achieve vertical mobility and move to a higher-rank social position comparing to my family’s current social class position. Generally, I believe being a clinical psychologist can upgrade myself from a lower/working class to lower middle class. However, the above assumptions are made under the circumstances that nothing has changed. In my own opinion, there are some essential factors that I have to consider. For examples, the prestige and income I will get for being a clinical psychologist may not be that much as in the past. This is because studying in universities is very common; getting a university degree will be easier than the past. Potentially, there will be more clinical psychologists in Hong Kong and salaries will be lowered when there are sufficient supplies. (3) Considerations of all advantages and/or disadvantages my family’s current social class position provides or poses in helping to determine the social class to which I see myself belonging when I am forty years old: First of all, I would like to state some of the disadvantages at the beginning. Income is an important indicator determining class position. However, my mother’s income can be very unstable (as a typical factor of local working class). She can earn quite a lot this month but earn nothing in the following month. A few years ago while there was a structural change in the industry that I have considered not to continue my study but to work in order to support my family’s expenses. This kind of consideration may appear again if the economic condition is really bad. Although the possibility is very low, income uncertainty can still block my sights from determining my future social class which is possibly determined by my education level. Also, social class is likely to be intergenerational so I am very likely to be part of the working/ lower class but not what I have expected in part (2). One significant advantage is that being a part of the lower/working class provides very strong motivation for me to study harder and move to the middle class rank in the future. When being a part of the middle class becomes my goal, I can easily conclude what social position I will be in my 40s. References: (1) Thematic Report :Household Income Distributionin Hong Kong 2006 Population By-census http://www. statistics. gov. hk/publication/stat_report/population/B11200452006XXXXB0401. pdf (2) Salary Scale of Common Posts in the Non-governmental Organizations w. e. f 1. 4. 2009 http://www. swd. gov. hk/doc/ngo/Salary%20Scale%20of%20Common%20Posts%20wef%201%204%202009. pdf (3) Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach (Henslin, James,2011) How to cite Sociology Reflective Essay, Essay examples

Systems Little To Waste Control Measures â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Systems Offering Little To Waste Control Measures? Answer: Introduction The construction scene has been evolving fairly over the years and more methods and materials of use in construction are rapidly coming up. While the business and construction models remain similar, the construction techniques vary significantly necessitating a lot of research and experimentation. Among the systems engineering project cases in civil engineering is the use of precast and in situ concrete together to attain a variety of industry requirements. While the material may be identical, if not fairly similar, the methods of construction vary significantly and therefore a systems engineering conceptual design is necessary to determine how to go about the construction. Needs Definition Wastes in the construction industry account for around 6% - 9% of total project costs which is a very significant percentage considering the worth of some projects. As construction still remains one of the most profitable industries, most attempts to reduce wastes in the site remain uneconomic leading construction going on without proper preventive mechanisms. These leads to both parties incurring huge costs as the wastes have to be accounted for. In most cases, construction projects utilizing concrete as the main material end up having to include a wastage factor of about 5% - 10% of the total project costs. The construction industry has also been dogged by a lot of environmental problems and one of the biggest reasons in the waste material disposed every day. A lot of waste material in the form of used formwork, excess concrete and steel is usually a result of human and environmental factors that prohibit environmentally friendliness. While disposal mechanisms also help reduce the environmental impact of this waste, it is largely up to engineers and contractors to find the right quantity margins what would yield least impact. It is therefore necessary to provide for alternatives which not only reduce the amount of wastages but improve the quality of work too. Precast concrete systems are therefore noteworthy as they successfully address the issue of waste reduction and therefore increase the economies of scare of the overall construction project and provide a green environment. Precast concrete systems can be fully modular or can include in situ concrete at various stages. Examples of fully concrete systems include but are not limited to bridges and harbor structural members e.g. breakwaters, piers and quays. These are able to incorporate precast concrete in every step which includes the foundation, beams, columns and slabs. Other constructions incorporating precast elements in part may do so for specific beam, column and slab components for a variety of reasons including but not limited to, easy demolition, good insulation, cost reduction, high strength of element requirements and personal individual preferences like where hollow slabs are used to reduce noise. This method of construction also easily fits into the construction industry project integration models. This is because the business and legal framework of this type of construction is similar to that or normal concrete structures with the only difference being material acquisition and technical expertise required. Both the Design Build model (DB) and Design Bid Build (DBB) model can apply as it is basically up to the clients preference. There are also specific contractors who deal primarily with precast constructions making it relatively easy to use the Performance Contracting and Construction Management models which are most popular with this type of construction. Owing to their significantly different construction approach, the entire system of precast concrete utilization has more operational requirements that the traditional on site construction. The requirements stem from member design and manufacture to the construction process. By design, they are relatively different compared to bricks and other concrete members which necessitates a more technical manufacturing approach. They also require a lot of research and testing in order for a manufacturer to come up with a precast member that satisfies the economic, safe, environmentally friendly and structural soundness requirements. Precast concrete systems also require a higher level of expertise on site as the assembly is relatively different from most other regular brick and mortar, and on site concreting methods. While they only require an individual to place the structural member in the right positions, the connections between members are more complicated than traditional approaches. It also requires inter-sectorial approaches as technical assistance is needed from other disciplines including ICT, mechanical and manufacturing engineering, electrical engineering, finance and marketing. This construction system however requires far less maintenance than the traditional systems. In addition to this, where maintenance is necessary, the cost is also much lower. This is because it is relatively easier to take apart the precast members individually or in a system and owing to the production and on site assembly costs, member replacement is fairly less costlier. This however applies to members off ground as foundation and slab members are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to remove. The technical performance measures (TPMs) which are used to measure the effectiveness of this construction engineering system cover the processes of elemental design and manufacture, industrial assembly and onsite construction. Table 1 below illustrates these measures giving their relative priority levels. While the scores shown below are mostly theoretical, they can be verified owing to the amount of documentation present online resulting from tests, simulations and testimonials. The scores indicated below are however meant to be suggestive rather than conclusive as this report is purely theoretical. Table 1: TPM Quantitative Values No. Technical Performance Measure Quantitative Value Relative Priority Value 1. Element/Member weight 40% - 60% of similar elements constructed in situ. 6% 2. Waste reducing factor 30% - 50% of wastes reduced 13% 3. Maintainability Relatively easy 8% 4. Total operating costs 30% - 70% of similar units constructed in situ. 8% 5. Installation time 5-21 days for residential unit, 2-4 months for medium rise units. 11% 6. Environmental friendliness Very friendly 12% 7. Modification Possible for both single and multiple members 9% 8. Economies of scale 30% to 60% cheaper than in situ cast systems. 9% 9. Durability 50 years 10% 10. Geometric manipulation Possible 8% 11. Human factor (installation errors) Amount of success rates following proper technical training is 98.5% - 99% 6% Total 100% Functional Analysis This system is largely preferred due to its wastage reduction which results in good economic value for construction and a higher level of environmental friendliness. With this system, it is possible to incorporate other sustainable solutions so as to reduce negative environmental impact and costs even higher as, following different approaches, one can incorporate insulation techniques and hollow designs. These not only make the structure lighter while preserving structural soundness but costs are also lowered by decreasing volumes. The functional flow block diagram shows how detailed design is accomplished following the identification of system requirements and resources factored in. Figure 1: Functional Flow Block Diagram of Precast Concrete Construction Tradeoff Analysis When looking at the various approaches to this system, we can compare 2 main ones whose difference is in the percentage amount of precast elements used. The trade-off analysis below shows how the members vary and perform against each other to ultimately come up with the most recommendable type. Fully precast concrete systems: these are systems that incorporate precast elements in every member. Where in situ placed concrete is required, it is usually a small percentage of the overall concrete structure. Examples of these systems are artificial harbours and bridges. A particular example that stands out is the Mulberry Harbour constructed by the British during the Second World War to aid in rapid offloading of cargo on the beaches of Normandy. Most bridges are currently being constructed using prefabricated members with the only in situ component being the abutments which in some cases are actually precast. Precast concrete maintain a high level structural integrity with members having better compressive and tensile strengths compared to in situ members. It affords the client and contractor a rapid construction time and waste saving system. When looking at the economies of scale, larger projects incorporating this construction system are also much cheaper than their in situ concrete counterparts. This is because construction time is significantly reduced by total removal of curing and formwork assembly activities. The wastes which are proportional to the construction size, by virtue of not being present also see to the reduction of costs. These systems can however be similarly priced to traditional systems for smaller structures as, again, the economies of scale apply. Where constructions are smaller, time spent and wastes recorded are usually less leaving very little room for marginal savings. With their relatively higher production costs, they could end up being more expensive than normal concrete systems. Their seismic performance is also debatable owing to their joint connections which some researchers suggest could be weak. Partial precast concrete systems: these are usually a mix of both technologies. This is where some structural members like foundations, ground slabs and/or columns are cast in situ while the other members cast off site. These have been incorporated in high-rise structures, warehouses, bridges, harbours and residential units. While not as strong as precast structures, they also maintain a high level of structural integrity. It is also possible to engineer portal frames and space frames using this technology making its seismic resistance very good because of the joint rigidity. Owing to the limited use of precast concrete, they are also a lot cheaper than their counterparts when constructing relatively small units e.g. those with three storeys or less. These systems are however prone to wastages unlike their counterparts. While the waste is significantly reduced compared to fully in situ cast concrete structures, they are however open to some degree of wastage as the in situ cast concrete still leaves a mess. All the same, the incorporation of precast members still significantly reduces waste. While also being time friendly in comparison to fully in situ cast concrete, they cannot be compared to fully precast systems whose construction time is usually dependent the availability of skilled personnel and materials. Conclusion The trade-off analysis proves that both systems are fairly applicable with their buildability being subject to qualified personnel and materials. They both also offer reduced wastages but with varying levels which, in partial precast concrete systems, is dependent on the percentage use of precast members. Their economic value however varies with sizes of the projects as bigger projects could be more economically sound if they used precast concrete while smaller projects would be more profitable if partial precast systems were used. Recommendation In relation to the cost of construction, it is recommendable to only use precast systems where constructions projects are large and have high strength requirements while green building is paramount. They will save costs lost due to wastage by a very large margin. In smaller structures, partial precast structures would be more affordable. Percentage wastes occurring would be higher than fully precast systems but would ultimately be insignificant depending on the project size. References Anderson M. and Anderson, P., 2006. Prefab Prototypes: Site-Specific Design for Offsite Construction, Princeton Architectural Press: 1617. Bergdoll, B., and Christensen, P., 2009. Home Delivery: Fabricating the Modern Dwelling. New York: Museum of Modern Art: 224227. Blismas, N. G., 2007. Off-site Manufacture in Australia: Current State and Future Directions. Brisbane: CRC for Construction Innovation. Blismas, N. and Wakefield, R., Hauser, B., 2010. Concrete prefabricated housing via advances in systems technologies: business Development of a technology roadmap, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, [17], 99-110. Dozier, B., 2014. Technical and analysis advantages of precast concrete in (Saudi market). [Online] Available at: https://barbradozier.wordpress.com/2014/03/17/technical-and-analysis-advantages-of-precast-concrete-in-saudi-market/ Retrieved 24 Aug 2017. Dym, Clive L., and Little, Patrick, 2009. Engineering Design: A Project-Based Introduction, 3rd Ed, John Wiley Sons, New York. Haiken, M., 2015. 7 Prefab Eco-Houses You Can Order Today. Retrieved 24 Aug 2017. https://www.takepart.com/article/2015/09/14/7-prefab-eco-houses-you-can-order-today Mashable, 2012. 5 Companies on the Cutting Edge of Sustainable Prefab Housing. RetrieveTradeoff Analysisd 24 Aug 2017. https://mashable.com/2012/07/25/sustainable-prefab-housing/#fvfvrGKm3Zq3 Naum, C., 2011. Modular Home and Construction Operations. Retrieved 24 Aug 2017. https://www.commandsafety.com/2011/01/16/modular-home-construction-and-operations/ Ochia, T., 2011. Cement and Concrete Composites. July, 29(6), pp. 448-455. Smith, R. E., 2010. Prefab Architecture: A Guide to Modular Design and Construction. 1 ed. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Staib, G., Dorrhofer, A., and Rosenthal, M., 2008. Components and Systems: Modular Construction, Design, Structure, New Technologies. Birkhauser: 59. Tayabji, S. D., Ye, D. (2013). Precast concrete pavement technology management. Washington D.C.: Transportation Research Board. US Department of Transportation, 2017. Prefabricated Bridge Elements and Systems Cost Study: Accelerated Bridge Construction Success Stories. Retrieved 24 Aug 2017. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/prefab/successstories/091104/index.cfm Wang, Y., Wu Li, V., 2010. Concrete Reinforcement with Recycled Fibres.. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering., November. Windle, J., Chapman, T. Anderson, S., 2007. Reuse of Foundations, London: CIRIA.